To What Major Language Family Does English Belong?

Wikipedia list article

The following is a list of language families. It likewise includes language isolates, unclassified languages and other types.

Major linguistic communication families [edit]

By number of languages [edit]

Ethnologue 24 (2021) lists the following families that contain at least i% of the vii,139 known languages in the earth:

1. Niger–Congo (1,542 languages) (21.7%)
2. Austronesian (1,257 languages) (17.7%)
3. Trans–New Guinea (482 languages) (vi.viii%)
4. Sino-Tibetan (455 languages) (6.4%)
5. Indo-European (448 languages) (half dozen.3%)
6. Australian [dubious] (381 languages) (v.four%)
7. Afro-Asiatic (377 languages) (5.3%)
8. Nilo-Saharan [dubious] (206 languages) (ii.nine%)
9. Oto-Manguean (178 languages) (2.5%)
10. Austroasiatic (167 languages) (2.3%)
11. Tai–Kadai (91 languages) (one.3%)
12. Dravidian (86 languages) (1.2%)
13. Tupian (76 languages) (1.1%)

Glottolog 4.4 (2021) lists the post-obit every bit the largest families, of 8,494 languages:

1. Atlantic–Congo (1,403 languages)
2. Austronesian (1,274 languages)
3. Indo-European (583 languages)
4. Sino-Tibetan (497 languages)
5. Afro-Asiatic (377 languages)
6. Nuclear Trans–New Guinea (317 languages)
7. Pama–Nyungan (250 languages)
8. Oto-Manguean (181 languages)
9. Austroasiatic (157 languages)
10. Tai–Kadai (95 languages)
11. Dravidian (79 languages)
12. Arawakan (77 languages)
13. Mande (75 languages)
14. Tupian (71 languages)

Linguistic communication counts tin can vary significantly depending on what is considered a dialect; for example Lyle Campbell counts only 27 Otomanguean languages, although he, Ethnologue and Glottolog also disagree as to which languages belong in the family unit.

Language families (non-sign) [edit]

In the post-obit, each bullet item is a known or suspected linguistic communication family. Phyla with historically broad geographical distributions but comparatively few current-day speakers include Eskimo–Aleut, Na-Dené, Algic, Quechuan and Nilo-Saharan.

The geographic headings over them are meant solely as a tool for group families into collections, more comprehensible than an unstructured list of a few hundred contained families. Geographic relationship is user-friendly for that purpose, just these headings are not a suggestion of any "super-families" phylogenetically relating the families named.

The number of individual languages in a family and the number of their speakers are only rough estimates: encounter dialect or language and linguistic census for further caption.

The language families of Africa

Map of the Austronesian languages

Map of major Dravidian languages

Distribution of the Indo-European language family branches across Eurasia

Distribution of the Altaic languages across Eurasia

Expanse of the Papuan languages

Map of the Australian languages

Distribution of linguistic communication families and isolates north of United mexican states at first contact

The major S American linguistic communication families

Family name	Languages	Current speakers[ane]	Location	Proposed parent family
Afroasiatic languages	366	499,294,669	Africa, Eurasia
Niger–Congo languages (proposed)	i,524	519,814,033	Africa
Atlantic–Congo languages	1,453	500,000,000	Africa	Niger–Congo
Mande languages	50	27,003,000	Africa	Niger–Congo
Dogon languages	xix	630,820	Africa	Niger–Congo
Ijoid languages	10	3,221,650	Africa	Niger–Congo
Ubangian languages	27	2,500,000	Africa	Niger–Congo
Khoe-Kwadi languages	12	337,337	Africa	Khoisan (obsolete)
Kx'a languages	4	104,000	Africa	Khoisan (obsolete)
Tuu languages	2	ii,500	Africa	Khoisan (obsolete)
Nilo-Saharan languages (proposed)	199	53,359,610	Africa
Berta languages	3	i,800,000	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Bʼaga languages	5	253,680	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Fur languages	two	786,900	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Kadu languages	half-dozen	120,600	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Koman languages	v	94,000	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Kunama languages	ii	244,570	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Kuliak languages	three	14,070	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Maban languages	nine	i,115,260	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Saharan languages	10	10,940,500	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Songhay languages	11	3,228,000	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Key Sudanic languages	65	9,145,280	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Eastern Sudanic languages	94	35,692,310	Africa	Nilo-Saharan
Indo-European languages	448	3,237,999,904	Eurasia
Tyrsenian languages	(iii)	extinct	Eurasia
Uralic languages	37	xx,716,457	Eurasia
Turkic languages	35	179,945,933	Eurasia	Altaic (disputed)
Hurro-Urartian languages	2	extinct	Eurasia
Northwest Caucasian languages	iv	1,655,000	Eurasia	Caucasian
Northeast Caucasian languages	29[ii]	iv,155,258	Eurasia	Caucasian, Alarodian
Kartvelian languages	5	four,850,000	Eurasia
Dravidian languages	84	252,807,610	Eurasia
Ongan languages	2	296	Eurasia
Yeniseian languages	2	211	Eurasia	Dené–Yeniseian (possible)
Yukaghir languages	2	740	Eurasia
Sino-Tibetan languages	453	1,385,995,195	Eurasia
Hmong–Mien languages	38	ix,332,070	Eurasia
Siangic languages	2	3,500	Eurasia	Sino-Tibetan
Digaro languages	ii	46,000	Eurasia	Sino-Tibetan
Kho-Bwa languages	5	9,000	Eurasia	Sino-Tibetan
Kra–Dai languages	94	81,549,828	Eurasia	Austro-Tai
Austroasiatic languages	169	116,323,040	Eurasia
Austronesian languages	ane,223	325,862,510	Africa, Eurasia, Oceania	Austro-Tai
Tungusic languages	eleven	55,800	Eurasia	Altaic (disputed)
Mongolic languages	xiii	7,269,480	Eurasia	Altaic (disputed)
Koreanic languages	ii	77,269,890	Eurasia	Altaic (disputed)
Nivkh languages	ii	200	Eurasia
Japonic languages	12	129,240,180	Eurasia	Altaic (disputed)
Ainu languages	3	2	Eurasia	Altaic (disputed)
Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages	5	6,875	Eurasia
Trans–New Guinea	476	3,540,024	New Guinea
Baining languages	half-dozen	13,800	New Guinea
Border languages	15	17,080	New Guinea
Primal Solomon languages	4	14,810	New Republic of guinea
E Bird's Head – Sentani languages (proposed)	viii	71,730	New Republic of guinea	Extended West Papuan
Eastern Trans-Fly languages	4	6,760	New Guinea
East Geelvink Bay languages	12	eight,005	New Guinea
Fas languages	2	ii,840	New Guinea	Left May – Kwomtari, Kwomtari–Fas
Kwomtari languages	3	one,510	New Guinea	Left May – Kwomtari, Kwomtari–Fas
Lakes Evidently languages	19	8,455	New Guinea
Left May languages	half-dozen	two,005	New Guinea	Left May – Kwomtari
Mairasi languages	three	4,385	New Republic of guinea
Nimboran languages	5	8,500	New Republic of guinea
North Bougainville languages	4	10,020	New Guinea
Piawi languages	2	ii,600	New Republic of guinea
Ramu – Lower Sepik languages (proposed)	32	65,830	New Guinea
Senagi languages	2	2,960	New Guinea
Sepik languages (proposed)	55	162,704	New Guinea
Skou languages	viii	v,665	New Republic of guinea
South Bougainville languages	9	68,700	New Republic of guinea
Tor–Kwerba languages	24	16,195	New Guinea
Torricelli languages	57	113,705	New Guinea
Trans-Fly – Bulaka River languages (proposed)	22	16,312	New Guinea
Due west New United kingdom languages (proposed)	3	half-dozen,550	New Republic of guinea
West Papuan languages (proposed)	23	269,425	New Guinea
Yuat languages	6	7,700	New Guinea
Pama–Nyungan languages	300	23,539	Australia
Arnhem State languages (proposed)	7	1811	Australia
Bunuban languages	two	100	Australia
Gunwinyguan languages	5	1314	Commonwealth of australia
Jarrakan languages	3	130	Commonwealth of australia
Limilngan languages (proposed)	1	23	Australia
Mirndi languages	3	261	Australia
Nyulnyulan languages	3	94	Australia
Southern Daly languages (proposed)	2	1980	Australia
Tangkic languages	iii or iv	73	Australia
Wagaydyic languages	two	v	Australia
Western Daly languages	3	21	Australia
Worrorran languages	3	108	Australia
Inuit–Yupik–Unangan languages	10	108,705	Due north America, Eurasia
Na-Dene languages	44	208,552	North America	Dené–Yeniseian (possible)
Penutian (proposed)	xvi	3,513	North America
Tsimshianic languages	4	2,910	North America	Penutian (disputed)
Wakashan languages	6	710	North America
Salishan languages	25	1,969	Due north America
Chimakuan languages	two	3	Northward America
Chinookan languages	4	extinct	N America	Penutian (disputed)
Kalapuyan languages	3	extinct	N America	Penutian (disputed)
Coosan languages	two	extinct	North America	Penutian (disputed)
Plateau Penutian languages	iv	145	North America	Penutian (disputed)
Hokan languages (proposed)	21	seven,171	North America
Shastan languages	4	extinct	North America	Hokan (disputed)
Palaihnihan languages	2	10	Northward America	Hokan (disputed)
Yuki–Wappo languages (proposed)	ii	extinct	N America
Pomoan languages	vii	47	North America	Hokan (disputed)
Wintuan languages	1	extinct	Northward America	Penutian (disputed)
Maiduan languages	4	3	North America	Penutian (disputed)
Yok-Utian languages (proposed)	42	35	N America	Penutian (disputed)
Utian languages	11	eighteen	Northward America	Yok-Utian (possible)
Yokutsan languages	4	50	North America	Yok-Utian (possible)
Chumashan languages	half dozen	extinct	Northward America
Takic languages	6	35	Northward America
Yuto-Nahuatl languages	58	1,910,442	North America	Aztec–Tanoan (possible)
Yuman–Cochimí languages	12	three,710	North America	Hokan (disputed)
Siouan–Catawban languages	xiv	33,399	North America
Algic languages	41	214,768	Northward America
Keres languages	2	ten,670	North America
Tanoan–Kiowa languages	vi	six,000	North America
Caddoan languages	5	46	N America
Comecrudan languages	three	extinct	Northward America
Totonacan languages	12	282,250	North America	Totozoquean (possible)
Oto-Manguean languages	176	i,678,214	North America
Mixe–Zoque languages	17	153,612	Northward America	Totozoquean (possible)
Tequistlatecan languages	iii	5,494	Northward America	Hokan (disputed)
Muskogean languages	vi	15,640	North America	Gulf (possible)
Mayan languages	31	6,522,182	North America
Xincan languages	(5)	extinct	Northward America	Macro-Chibchan (disputed)
Jicaquean languages	ii	500	North America	Hokan (disputed)
Lencan languages	2	extinct	North America	Macro-Chibchan, Hokan (disputed)
Misumalpan languages	5	709,000	North America	Macro-Chibchan, Hokan (disputed)
Iroquoian languages	nine	14,543	North America
Arawakan languages	54	699,709	North America, Southward America
Chibchan languages	20	306,267	Northward America, Due south America	Macro-Chibchan (disputed)
Choco languages	7	114,600	North America, South America
Carib languages	29	67,376	Northward America, South America	Je–Tupi–Carib (possible)
Jirajaran languages	three	extinct	South America
Timotean languages	(ii)	extinct	Due south America
Barbacoan languages	3	24,800	Due south America	Macro-Paesan (disputed)
Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages (proposed)	ane	6,000	Due south America
Jivaroan languages	4	89,630	South America
Catacaoan languages	(3)	extinct	South America	Sechura–Catacao (disputed)
Chimuan languages (proposed)	(iii)	extinct	South America
Cañari–Puruhá languages (proposed)	2	extinct	South America	Chimuan (disputed)
Quechuan languages	45	7,768,820	South America
Aymaran languages	3	2,808,740	South America
Uru–Chipaya languages	2	1,200	South America
Huarpean languages	3	?	South America
Araucanian languages	2	262,000	Southward America
Chonan languages	(6)	extinct	South America	Moseten–Chonan, Macro-Panoan (disputed)
Alacalufan languages	one	12	Due south America
Guajiboan languages	five	39,290	South America
Macro-Puinavean languages (proposed)	1	3,000	South America
Tiniguan languages	2	1	South America
Kakua-Nukak languages	2	610	South America	Macro-Puinavean (disputed)
Otomákoan languages	two	extinct	S America	Macro-Otomákoan (disputed)
Piaroa–Saliban languages (proposed)	3	18,630	South America
Piaroan languages	two	14,870	South America	Piaroa–Saliban (possible)
Nadahup languages	4	2,894	S America	Macro-Puinavean (disputed)
Yanomaman languages	four	31,670	S America
Arutani–Sape languages (proposed)	ii	47	South America	Macro-Puinavean (disputed)
Andoque–Urequena languages (proposed)	2	370	South America
Tucanoan languages	23	30,308	S America
Boran languages	ii	1,500	South America	Bora–Witoto (disputed)
Witotoan languages	7	17,478	South America	Bora–Witoto (disputed)
Peba–Yaguan languages	1	5,700	South America	Saparo–Yawan (disputed)
Zaparoan languages	3	90	South America	Saparo–Yawan (disputed)
Tequiraca–Canichana languages (proposed)	(2)	extinct	South America
Hibito–Cholon languages (proposed)	2	extinct	South America
Cahuapanan languages	2	10,370	South America
Ticuna–Yuri languages (proposed)	2	48,580	South America
Panoan languages	25	48,557	South America	Pano-Tacanan, Macro-Panoan (disputed)
Tacanan languages	6	ii,982	South America	Pano-Tacanan, Macro-Panoan (disputed)
Arawan languages	eight	5,870	S America
Katukinan languages	2	10	South America	Harákmbut–Katukinan, Macro-Puinavean (disputed)
Harákmbut languages	2	2,220	South America	Harákmbut–Katukinan, Macro-Otomákoan (disputed)
Mosetenan languages	1	5,320	South America	Moseten–Chonan, Macro-Panoan (disputed)
Tupian languages	66	5,026,502	South America	Je–Tupi–Carib (possible)
Chapacuran languages	4	2,019	Southward America	Wamo–Chapakura (disputed)
Mura languages	ane	360	South America
Yabutian languages	two	twoscore	S America	Macro-Jê (disputed)
Katembri–Taruma languages (proposed)	1	10	Due south America
Nambikwaran languages	half dozen	1,068	S America
Bororoan languages	iii	1,392	Due south America	Macro-Jê (disputed)
Zamucoan languages	2	5,900	Southward America
Mascoian languages	6	20,728	South America
Matacoan languages	7	sixty,280	South America	Mataco–Guaicuru (disputed)
Guaicuruan languages	iv	49,350	South America	Mataco–Guaicuru (disputed)
Lule–Vilela languages (proposed)	2	10	Southward America
Macro-Jê languages (proposed)	?	51,093	Southward America	Je–Tupi–Carib (possible)
Jê languages	sixteen	56,060	Due south America	Macro-Jê, Je–Tupi–Carib (possible)
Charruan languages	(10)	extinct	South America
Kamakã languages	4	extinct	South America	Macro-Jê (disputed)
Maxakalían languages	5	one,270	South America	Macro-Jê (disputed)
Krenak languages	iii	10	Due south America	Macro-Jê (disputed)
Purian languages	ii	extinct	South America	Macro-Jê (disputed)
International Auxiliary Languages	49	2,000,000	World ?

Language isolates [edit]

Language isolates are languages which are not part of whatever known family, and they tin be alternatively described as being their own families' sole representants.

Africa [edit]

• Bangime (Republic of mali) (ethnically Dogon)
• Hadza (Tanzania)
• Sandawe (Tanzania) (may be related to Khoe)

Eurasia [edit]

• Basque (Spain, French republic) (widely considered a descendant of or related to extinct Aquitanian)
• Hattic (Turkey) [extinct] (sometimes linked to Northwest Caucasian)
• Sumerian (Republic of iraq) [extinct]
• Elamite (Iran) [extinct] (sometimes linked to Dravidian)
• Burushaski (Pakistan, India) (sometimes linked to Yeniseian)
• Nihali (Republic of india) (sometimes linked to Kusunda or Munda)
• Kusunda (Nepal)
• Korean (Democratic people's republic of korea, South korea, Prc: Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture) (sometimes linked to Paleosiberian, alternatively Jeju is sometimes classified every bit a divide language, creating a Koreanic family)
• Nivkh or Gilyak (Russian federation) (sometimes linked to Chukotko–Kamchatkan)
• Ainu linguistic communication or languages (Japan, Russia) (like Arabic or Japanese, the variety inside Ainu is big enough that some consider it to be perhaps up to a dozen languages, while others consider it a single language with high dialectal variety)

Oceania [edit]

Australasia [edit]

• Abinomn (Baso, Foia) (New Republic of guinea: north Irian)
• Abun (New Guinea: Tambrauw Regency)
• Anêm (New Guinea: New Britain)
• Ata (Pele-Ata, Wasi) (New Guinea: New Britain)
• Busa (New Guinea: Sandaun)
• Elseng (New Guinea: Jayapura Regency, Keerom Regency)
• Hatam (New Guinea: Eastern Bird's Head)
• Isirawa (New Guinea: north Irian)
• Kol (New Guinea: New Britain)
• Kuot (Panaras) (New Guinea: New Ireland)
• Mpur (New Guinea: Tambrauw Regency)
• Massep (New Guinea)
• Mawes (New Guinea: Sarmi Regency)
• Pyu (New Guinea)
• Sulka (New Guinea: New Uk)
• Taiap (Gapun) (New Guinea: Sepik)
• Yalë (Nagatman) (New Republic of guinea: Sandaun)
• Yawa (Geelvink Bay) (New Guinea)
• Yele (New Republic of guinea: Rossel Island)
• Laragiya (Australia)
• Malak-Malak (Australia)
• Minkin [extinct; perhaps a member of Yiwaidjan or Tankic] (Commonwealth of australia)
• Ngurmbur (perhaps a member of Macro-Pama–Nyungan) (Australia)
• Tiwi (Melville and Bathurst Islands) (Australia)

Due north America [edit]

• Alsea (US: Oregon) [extinct]
• Atakapa (Usa: Louisiana, Texas) [extinct] (role of the hypothetical Gulf languages)
• Chimariko (US: California) [extinct] (part of the hypothetical Hokan languages)
• Chitimacha (U.s.: Louisiana) [extinct] (possibly part of the hypothetical Gulf languages)
• Coahuilteco (US: Texas; United mexican states: Coahuila ) [extinct]
• Cotoname (U.s.a.: Texas; Mexico: Tamaulipas) [extinct]
• Cuitlatec (United mexican states: Guerrero) [extinct]
• Haida (Canada: British Columbia; US: Alaska)
• Huave (Mexico: Oaxaca)
• Karuk (US: California)
• Kutenai (Canada: British Columbia; Us: Idaho, Montana)
• Natchez (Usa: Mississippi, Louisiana) (linked to Muskogean in the hypothetical Gulf languages)
• Purépecha (besides known as Tarascan) (United mexican states: Michoacán)
• Salinan (US: California) [extinct] (part of the hypothetical Hokan languages)
• Seri (Mexico: Sonora) (part of the hypothetical Hokan languages)
• Siuslaw (U.s.a.: Oregon) [extinct]
• Takelma (The states: Oregon) [extinct] (part of the hypothetical Penutian languages)
• Timucua (U.s.: Florida, Georgia) [extinct]
• Tonkawa (United states of america: Texas) [extinct]
• Tunica (US: Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas) (part of the hypothetical Gulf languages)
• Washo (United states of america: California, Nevada) (office of the hypothetical Hokan languages)
• Yana (Us: California) [extinct] (part of the hypothetical Hokan languages)
• Yuchi (Us: Georgia, Oklahoma)
• Zuni (also known equally Shiwi) (U.s.a.: New Mexico)

Due south America [edit]

• Aikanã (Brazil: Rondônia)
• Andaqui (Republic of colombia) [extinct]
• Andoque (Colombia, Peru)
• Arutani (Brazil, Venezuela)
• Ature (Venezuela) [extinct]
• Aushiri (Peru) [extinct]
• Betoi (Colombia) [extinct]
• Camsá (Republic of colombia)
• Candoshi-Shapra (Peru)
• Canichana (Bolivia) [extinct]
• Carabayo (Republic of colombia)
• Cayuvava (Bolivia)
• Chiquitano (Bolivia, Brazil)
• Cholón (Peru) [extinct]
• Cofán (Colombia, Republic of ecuador)
• Esmeralda (Ecuador) [extinct]
• Flecheiros (Brazil) [unclassified, uncontacted]
• Fulniô (Brazil: Pernambuco)
• Guamo (Venezuela) [extinct]
• Guató (Brazil, Bolivia)
• Hibito (Peru) [extinct]
• Himarimã (Brazil) [unclassified, uncontacted]
• Hodï (Venezuela) [unclassified]
• Irantxe (Brazil: Mato Grosso)
• Itonama (Bolivia)
• Kakán (Argentine republic, Chile) [in the process of revitalization]
• Kallawaya (Bolivia)
• Kanoê (Brazil)
• Karajá (Brazil)
• Kariri (Brazil)
• Katembri (Brazil) [extinct]
• Kunza (Chile, Argentina) [in the procedure of revitalization]
• Kwaza (Brazil: Rondônia) [unclassified]
• Leco (Bolivia)
• Lule (Argentina) [extinct]
• Mapuche (Chile, Argentina)
• Matanawi (Brazil) [extinct]
• Mochica (Peru)
• Movima (Bolivia)
• Munichi (Peru) [extinct]
• Ofayé (Brazil)
• Oti (Brazil: São Paulo) [extinct]
• Páez (Colombia) (see also Paezan)
• Puelche (Argentina, Republic of chile)
• Puinave (Colombia, Venezuela) [unclassified]
• Rikbaktsa (Brazil)
• Saliba (Colombia, Venezuela)
• Sapé (Venezuela) [extinct]
• Taruma (Guyana, Brazil) [unclassified]
• Taushiro (Peru) [unclassified]
• Tequiraca (Republic of peru) [extinct]
• Ticuna (Colombia, Republic of peru, Brazil)
• Trumai (Brazil)
• Urarina (Peru)
• Urequena (Republic of colombia, Peru, Brazil) [extinct]
• Vilela (Argentina)
• Waorani (also known as Sabela, Waodani) (Ecuador, Republic of peru)
• Warao (Republic of guyana, Surinam, Venezuela)
• Yaghan (Chile)
• Yaruro (Venezuela)
• Yuracaré (Bolivia)
• Yuri (Colombia, Brazil) [extinct]

Unclassified languages [edit]

Languages are considered unclassified either because, for one reason or another, little effort has been made to compare them with other languages, or more ordinarily because they are too poorly documented to permit reliable classification: most such languages are extinct and, most likely, will never be known well enough to classify.

Africa [edit]

• Guanche (extinct; possibly Afro-Asiatic, specifically Berber)
• Bayot
• Boro (extinct; perhaps Niger-Congo)
• Dompo
• Mpra (probably Niger–Congo)
• Mpur (Ghana)
• Wawu
• Jalaa
• Oblo
• Rimba
• Kwadi (extinct; perhaps Khoe)
• Laal
• Kujargé (probably Afroasiatic)
• Meroitic (extinct; probably Nubian, a language family part of the Nilo-Saharan proposal)
• Ongota (possibly Afroasiatic)
• Shabo (possibly Nilo-Saharan)
• Weyto
• Oropom (extinct; possibly spurious)
• Omaio (Tanzania)
• Serengeti-Dorobo (Tanzania)
• Vazimba (possible substrate language), encounter Beosi (Madagascar)

Eurasia [edit]

• Tartessian (Europa: Spain, Portugal) (extinct)
• Iberian (Europa: Spain) (extinct)
• Paleo-Corsican (Europa: Corsica) (extinct)
• Paleo-Sardinian (Europa: Sardinia) (extinct)
• Camunic (Europa: Italy) (extinct, perhaps Tyrsenian)
• Raetic linguistic communication (Europa: Italian republic) (extinct, probably Tyrsenian)
• Etruscan language (Europa: Italy) (extinct, probably Tyrsenian)
• North Picene (Europa: Italy) (extinct)
• Elymian (Europa: Sicily) (extinct, possibly Indo-European)
• Sicanian (Europa: Sicily) (extinct)
• Sicel (Europa: Sicily) (extinct, probably Indo-European)
• Liburnian (Europa: Balkans) (extinct, perhaps Indo-European)
• Paeonian (Europa: Balkans) (extinct, perhaps Indo-European)
• Cimmerian (Europa, Asia) (extinct) (probably Indo-European)
• Hunnic (Europa, Asia) (extinct)
• Pelasgian (Europa: Greece) (extinct)
• Eteocretan (Europa: Crete) (extinct, probably descended from Minoan)
• Minoan (Europa: Crete) (extinct)
• Lemnian language (Europa: Greece) (extinct, probably Tyrsenian)
• Trojan (Europa, Asia: Turkey) (extinct)
• Mysian (Europa, Asia) (extinct)
• Isaurian (Europa, Asia) (extinct) (perhaps Indo-European and related to Luwian)
• Ancient Cappadocian (Europa, Asia) (extinct)
• Kaskian (Europa, Asia) (extinct) (perhaps related to Hattic)
• Eteocypriot (Europa: Republic of cyprus) (extinct)
• Philistine (Asia) (extinct) (might exist Indo-European)
• Undeciphered -k linguistic communication of ancient Yemen (Asia) (extinct) (probably Semitic, and identified with Himyaritic)
• Gutian (Asia) (extinct)
• Kassite (Asia) (extinct) (perhaps related to or office of Hurro-Urartian)
• Proto-Euphratean (Asia) (extinct)
• Bactro-Margianan (Asia) (extinct)
• Harappan (Asia) (extinct, perhaps related to Dravidian)
• Sentinelese (Asia) (mayhap Ongan)
• Xianbei (Asia) (extinct)
• Ruanruan (Asia) (extinct)
• Xiongnu (Asia) (extinct, with Glottolog lawmaking, unclassifiable)
• Kenaboi (Asia: Malaysia) (extinct) (mayhap Austroasiatic)
• Tambora (Asia: Indonesia) (extinct) (maybe related to or a part of the Timor–Alor–Pantar co-operative of Trans-New Guinea)

Oceania [edit]

• Moksela (Indonesia) (unclassifiable)
• Tetepare (Solomon Islands)

Australasia [edit]

• Afra (New Guinea) [moribund]
• Bayono-Awbono (New Guinea) (perhaps Trans-New Guinea)
• Dibiyaso (New Guinea)
• Elseng (New Republic of guinea) (perhaps Edge)
• Kapori (New Guinea) (probably related to Kaure)
• Kehu (New Republic of guinea) (probably related to Due east Geelvink Bay)
• Kembra (New Republic of guinea)
• Kimki (New Guinea)
• Kosare (New Guinea) (probably related to Kaure)
• Purari (New Guinea) (perhaps Trans-New Republic of guinea)
• Pyu (New Guinea) [moribund] (perhaps Left May – Kwomtari or an isolate)
• Saponi (New Guinea) (extinct; perhaps either a Lakes Plain or E Bird's Head – Sentani language)
• Sulka (New Guinea) (most probable related to the neighboring Baining and Kol languages)
• Tause (New Guinea) (perhaps a function of the E Bird's Head – Sentani proposal)
• Yele (New Guinea)
• Ndrangith (Commonwealth of australia) (Queensland) (extinct)
• Ngaygungu (Commonwealth of australia) (extinct, mayhap Pama-Nyungan)
• Wakabunga (Australia) (extinct)

Northward America [edit]

• Cayuse (Usa: Oregon) (extinct)
• Esselen (US: California) (extinct)
• Monqui (Mexico: Baja California Sur) (extinct)
• Waikuri (United mexican states: Baja California Sur) (extinct)
• Pericú (Mexico: Baja California Sur) (extinct)
• Guachichil (Mexico) (extinct)
• Alagüilac (Guatemala) (extinct)
• Naolan (Mexico: Tamaulipas) (extinct)
• Quinigua (United mexican states: Nuevo León) (extinct)
• Solano (Mexico: Coahuila; US: Texas) (extinct)
• Maratino (United mexican states: Tamaulipas) (extinct)
• Akokisa (US: Texas) (extinct)
• Aranama (US: Texas) (extinct)
• Bidai (US: Texas) (extinct)
• Eyeish (The states: Texas) (extinct)
• Karankawa (US: Texas) (extinct)
• Payaya (United states: Texas) (extinct)
• Adai (US: Louisiana) (extinct)
• Appalousa (U.s.: Louisiana) (extinct)
• Avoyel (US: Louisiana) (extinct)
• Quinipissa (The states: Louisiana) (extinct)
• Pascagoula (US: Mississippi) (extinct)
• Coree (US: Due north Carolina) (extinct)
• Congaree (US: Due south Carolina) (extinct) (peradventure Arawakan)
• Cusabo (US: South Carolina) (extinct) (mayhap Arawakan)
• Pedee (United states: South Carolina) (extinct)
• Guale (US: Georgia) (extinct)
• Yamasee (U.s.: Georgia) (extinct)
• Calusa (The states: Florida) (extinct)
• Tequesta (Usa: Florida) (extinct)
• Guanahatabey (extinct, Greater Antilles)
• Macorix (extinct, Greater Antilles)
• Ciguayo (extinct, Greater Antilles)
• Cueva (Panama) (extinct)
• Beothuk (Canada: Newfoundland and Labrador) (extinct)

South America [edit]

• Guanaca (Colombia) (extinct)
• Malibu (Colombia) (extinct)
• Mocana (Colombia) (extinct)
• Panche (Colombia) (extinct)
• Pijao (Colombia) (extinct)
• Quimbaya (Republic of colombia) (extinct)
• Sinúfana (Colombia) (extinct, perhaps Chocoan)
• Yurumanguí (Colombia) (extinct)
• Puinave (Colombia, Venezuela)
• Hodï (Venezuela)
• Máku (Brazil, Venezuela) (extinct)
• Taruma (Republic of guyana, Brazil)
• Baenan (Brazil) (extinct)
• Flecheiros (Brazil) (uncontacted)
• Gamela (Brazil) (extinct)
• Himarimã (Brazil)
• Huamoé (Brazil) (extinct)
• Kaimbé (Brazil) (extinct)
• Kambiwá (Brazil) (extinct)
• Kapinawá (Brazil) (extinct?)
• Kwaza (Brazil)
• Mato Grosso Arára (Brazil) (extinct)
• Natú (Brazil) (extinct)
• Pankararú (Brazil) (extinct)
• Paratio (Brazil) (extinct)
• Tapajó (Brazil) (extinct)
• Tarairiú (Brazil) (extinct)
• Tremembé (Brazil) (extinct)
• Truká (Brazil) (extinct)
• Tuxá (Brazil) (extinct)
• Waitaká (Brazil) (extinct)
• Wakoná (Brazil) (extinct)
• Wasu (Brazil) (extinct)
• Xocó (Brazil) (extinct)
• Xukuru (Brazil) (extinct)
• Bolona (Ecuador) (extinct)
• Cañari (Republic of ecuador) (extinct)
• Caranqui (Ecuador) (extinct, maybe Barbacoan)
• Malacato (Ecuador) (extinct)
• Palta (Ecuador) (extinct)
• Panzaleo (Ecuador) (extinct)
• Puruhá (Republic of ecuador) (extinct)
• Rabona (Ecuador) (extinct)
• Xiroa (Ecuador) (extinct)
• Aguano (Peru) (extinct)
• Bagua (Peru) (extinct)
• Chacha (Republic of peru) (extinct)
• Chirino (Peru) (extinct)
• Copallén (Peru) (extinct)
• Culle (Peru) (extinct)
• Maynas (Peru) (extinct)
• Omurano (Republic of peru) (extinct)
• Patagón (Peru) (extinct)
• Quingnam (Republic of peru) (extinct)
• Sácata (Peru) (extinct)
• Sechura (Republic of peru) (extinct)
• Tabancale (Republic of peru) (extinct)
• Tallán (Peru) (extinct)
• Taushiro (Peru)
• Yanacona (Peru) (extinct)
• Puquina (Peru, Republic of bolivia) (extinct)
• Gorgotoqui (Bolivia) (extinct)
• Majena (Bolivia) (extinct)
• Mure (Bolivia) (extinct)
• Ramanos (Bolivia) (extinct)
• Chango (Peru, Republic of chile) (extinct)
• Chicha (Bolivia, Argentine republic) (extinct)
• Omaguaca (Argentina) (extinct)
• Ocloya (Argentine republic) (extinct)
• Tastil (Argentina) (extinct)
• Tilianes (Argentine republic) (extinct)
• Toara (Argentina) (extinct)
• Fiscara (Argentina) (extinct)
• Payagua (Argentina, Paraguay) (extinct)
• Guachi (Argentina) (extinct)
• Humahuaca (Argentina) (extinct)
• Kunza (Argentina/Chile) (in the process of revitalization)
• Kakán (Argentina/Republic of chile) (in the process of revitalization)
• Tonokoté (Argentina) (extinct)
• Chiquillan (Chile) (extinct)
• Sanavirón (Argentina) (extinct)
• Comechingón (Argentine republic) (extinct)
• Querandí (Argentina) (extinct)
• Poyas (Chile) (extinct)
• Chono (Republic of chile, Argentina) (extinct)
• Guaicaro (Chile) (extinct)

Extinct families and unclassified languages [edit]

This section lists extinct languages and families which have no known living relatives; while a minority of these is well known just is still classified as genetically independent (like the ancient Sumerian language), the lack of attestation makes many of these difficult to put into larger groups.

Name	Languages	Year of expiry	Location	Well-attested?	Proposed parent family
Hurro-Urartian languages	ii	7th century BC?	Asia	Yes	Alarodian languages
Tasmanian languages (several families)	five-16	1905	Australia	No
Eastern Daly languages	2	2006	Australia	Some
Tyrsenian languages	3	third century	Europe	Some
Baenan	1	1940s	S America (Bahia)	No
Culle	1	20th century	Southward America (North Peru)	No
Kakán	one	18th century?	S America (Northwest Argentina-North Republic of chile)	Some
Kunza	1	1950s?	S America (Atacama)	Some
Gamela	i	?	South America (Maranhão)	No
Gorgotoqui	1	17th century	South America (Due east Bolivia)	No
Huamoé	1	?	S America (Pernambuco)	No
Malibu languages	9	?	South America (Republic of colombia)	No
Munichi	1	1990s	South America (Loreto)	Some	Arawakan
Natú	1	19th century?	Due south America (Pernambuco)
Pankararú	one	20th century	South America (East Brazil)	No
Panzaleo	1	17th century	South America (Quito)	No
Sechura	i	19th century?	South America (Piura)	No
Tarairiú	1	?	South America (East Brazil)	No
Tuxá	1	19th century?	South America (East Brazil)	No
Xocó	ane-3	?	South America (Eastward Brazil)	No
Xukuru	1	?	Southward America (East Brazil)	No	Xukuruan
Yurumanguí	i	19th century?	South America (Colombia)	No
Adai	i	19th century	North America (Louisiana)	No
Alagüilac	1	18th century?	Northward America (Guatemala)	No
Aranama	i	19th century	Northward America (Texas)	No
Atakapa	1	20th century	N America (Louisiana)	Some
Beothuk	ane	1829	North America (Newfoundland)	No
Calusa	ane	18th century?	North America (Florida)	No
Cayuse	ane	1930s	Northward America (Oregon)
Chumashan	6	1960s	North America (California)
Cotoname	one	19th century?	Northward America (Texas-Mexico border)
Maratino	1	?	North America (Mexico)	No	Uto-Aztecan
Naolan	i	1950s	North America (United mexican states)	No
Quinigua	1	?	Due north America (Northeast Mexico)	No
Solano	1	18th century	Northward America (Texas-Mexico edge)	No

Other language classifications [edit]

The classification of languages into families, assumes that all of them develop from a single parent proto-linguistic communication and evolve over time into different daughter linguistic communication(s). While the vast bulk of tongues fit this description fairly well, there are exceptions. A mixed language oftentimes refers to a particular combination of existing ones, which may stem from dissimilar families: a pidgin is a simple language used for communication between groups; this may involve simplification and/or mixing of multiple languages. When a pidgin develops into a more stable language which children larn from birth, information technology is ordinarily called a "creole". Whether for ease of employ or created for use in fiction, languages tin can also be synthetic from the ground upwardly, rather than develop from existing ones; these are known as constructed languages.

Sign languages [edit]

The family unit relationships of sign languages are non well established due to a lagging in linguistic enquiry, and many are isolates (cf. Wittmann 1991).^[3]

Family Name	Location	Number of Languages
French Sign	Europe, the Americas, Francophone Africa, parts of Asia	Over 50
British Sign	Uk, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa	iv - x
Arab Sign	Much of the Arab World	6 - 10
Japanese Sign	Japan, Korea, Taiwan	3
German Sign	Germany, Poland, Israel	3
Swedish Sign	Sweden, Finland, Portugal	3

Beyond these linguistic communication families, there exist many isolates, including:

• Chinese Sign Linguistic communication
• Hawaiʻi Sign Language
• Inuit Sign Language
• Mauritian Sign Linguistic communication
• Nicaraguan Sign Linguistic communication
• Peruvian Sign Language

Proposed linguistic communication families [edit]

The following is a list of proposed language families, which connect established families into larger genetic groups; back up for these proposals varies; the Dené–Yeniseian languages for instance, are a recent proposal which has been by and large well received, whereas reconstructions of the Proto-Globe language are often viewed as fringe scientific discipline; proposals which are themselves based on other proposals have the likelihood of their parts noted in parentheses.

Proposed proper noun	Clarification	Mainstream consensus[ original research? ]
Proto-World	reconstructed mutual antecedent of all living languages	Widely rejected.
Amerind	all languages in the Americas which do non belong to the Eskimo–Aleut or Na–Dene families	Widely rejected.
Almosan	Algic, Kutenai and Mosan (rejected)	Widely rejected.
Mosan	Salishan, Wakashan, and Chimakuan languages of Pacific Northwest North America.	Sprachbund.
Aztec–Tanoan	Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan.	Possible.
Coahuiltecan	Native languages of mod Texas.	Sprachbund.
Gulf	Muskogean with four extinct isolates on US gulf.	Possible.
Hokan	A dozen languages on w coast of North America	Some likely, others rejected.
Macro-Siouan	Siouan, Iroquoian, Caddoan, and Yuchi.	Controversial.
Je–Tupi–Carib	Macro-Jê (probable), Tupian and Cariban of Due south America.	Possible.
Macro-Jê	11 language families of Due south America	Some likely, others controversial.
Macro-Mayan	Mayan with Totonacan, Mixe–Zoque, and Huave.	Widely rejected.
Totozoquean	Totonacan and Mixe–Zoque in Mesoamerica.	Possible.
Macro-Panoan	Pano–Takanan (likely) and Moseten–Chonan (likely)	Possible.
Mataco–Guaicuru	Matacoan, Guaicuruan, Mascoian, and Charruan of South America	?
Penutian	Some languages in western Due north America	Controversial.
Quechumaran	Quechuan and Aymaran	Controversial.
Yuki–Wappo	Yuki and Wappo, both extinct.	Likely.
Borean	All families except in sub-Saharan Africa, New Guinea, Commonwealth of australia, and the Andaman Islands.	Widely rejected.
Alarodian	Northeast Caucasian with extinct Hurro-Urartian	Controversial.
Sino-Austronesian	Sino-Tibetan, Austronesian, and Kra–Dai	Controversial.
Austric	Austroasiatic, Austronesian and sometimes others.	Some controversial, others rejected.
Austro-Tai	Austronesian and Kra–Dai	Controversial.
Miao–Dai	Hmong–Mien and Kra–Dai	?
Austronesian–Ongan	Ongan and Austronesian	Controversial.
Dene–Caucasian	Na-Dené, North Caucasian (controversial), Sino-Tibetan, Yeniseian, and others.	Widely rejected.
Karasuk	Yeniseian and Burushaski	Controversial.
Dene–Yeniseian	Na-Dené and Yeniseian	Possible.
Nostratic	Afroasiatic, Kartvelian, Dravidian and Eurasiatic (widely rejected)	Widely rejected.
Eurasiatic	Indo-European, Uralic and Altaic	Widely rejected.
Indo-Semitic	Indo-European languages and Semitic languages or Afroasiatic languages	Widely rejected.
Indo-Uralic	Indo-European and Uralic or Uralic–Yukaghir	Controversial.
Ural–Altaic	Uralic and Altaic (widely rejected)	Obsolete; considered a linguistic convergence zone.
Altaic	Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic and Japonic (and possibly Ainu)	Widely rejected; more often than not considered a Sprachbund.
Uralo-Siberian	Uralic, Yukaghir, Eskimo–Aleut and possibly Chukotko-Kamchatkan	Controversial.
Uralic–Yukaghir	Uralic and Yukaghir	Controversial.
Nivkh–Kamchukotic	Nivkh and Chukotko-Kamchatkan	?
Elamo-Dravidian	Elamite and Dravidian	Widely rejected.
Dravido-Korean	Dravidian and Koreanic	Obsolete.
Pontic	Northwest Caucasian and Indo-European	Controversial.
Ibero-Caucasian	Northwest Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian, and Kartvelian	Controversial.
N Caucasian	Northwest Caucasian and Northeast Caucasian	Controversial.
Indo-Pacific	Several Pacific families.	Widely rejected.
Macro-Pama–Nyungan	Several Australian language families.	Controversial.
Kongo–Saharan	Niger–Congo and Nilo-Saharan	Controversial.
Nilo-Saharan	Many families of cardinal Africa.	Controversial.
Khoisan	African click-consonant languages that do not belong to any other macrophyla.	Widely rejected.
Na-Dene (with Haida)	Sapir's proposal.	Controversial.
Macro-Chibchan	Lencan, Misumalpan and Chibchan merge into one language family unit. (probably besides Xincan)	?

Meet as well [edit]

• Constructed language – Consciously devised linguistic communication
• Endangered language – Language that is at take chances of going extinct
• Ethnologue#Linguistic communication families
• Extinct linguistic communication – Linguistic communication that no longer has any speakers
• Index of language articles
• Intercontinental Lexicon Series – Linguistics database
• International auxiliary language – Constructed language meant to facilitate advice
• Glottolog#Language families
• Language isolate#List of language isolates past continent
• Lists of languages

References [edit]

1. ^ "What are the largest linguistic communication families?". Ethnologue. May 25, 2019.
2. ^ "Due north Caucasian". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
3. ^ Wittmann, Henri (1991). "Nomenclature linguistique des langues signées not vocalement" (PDF). Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée (in French). ten (1): 215–288.

External links [edit]

• Glottolog
• Ethnologue
• MultiTree Projection
• Comparative Swadesh list tables of diverse language families (from Wiktionary)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_families

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